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Rhetoric Forms and Structure Video

Added Sep 08, 2013 •

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Finally time for rhetoric! This will begin introducing the rhetorical terms that will be so central to our course.

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today we're finally going to get started with the good truck Roderick we're going to talk about the rhetorical forms devices and structure Aristotle from the time of grease identified the three rhetorical forms he argues that for any communication on those analyzing it had to consider the relationships play the speaker the audience in the text because the speaker had his or her own intentions and fat ground So to that the audience and the tech connected them while at the same time having individual relationships with each of them since Aristotle other Scholars a circle around that triangle to include historical context and this would include the context in which something is written the setting of the peace and something when the audience reads it so for instance for The Scarlet Letter that text takes place in 1650 the speaker San 1850 and the audience right now is in the 2000s the first of the three rhetorical forms is appeal to ethos and this one is all about the speaker so the speaker is trying to build his or her own credibility so it's an appeal to ethics ethics of the speaker or two credibility and this is so that the audience will respect the peace because of the type of person the speaker has presented him or her cell fast so the effectiveness is the goal is to make the speaker of pyrrole appear to be credible and respected also often appear to be relatable and if he says that the audience is more likely to trust in the speaker so here are some examples and I will say something about my master's degree to your parents in the hopes that it will make me seem more credible here we have Joe Biden at the Democratic National Convention I think 2008 and he says I've been on the ground in Georgia or act Pakistan Afghanistan and I can tell you in no uncertain terms so since many argued that Obama didn't have military background or much military want to fight in trolls what's to build up his ethos as someone who understands the military and foreign policy  okay second is appeal to Pathos will eat those is all about the speaker pathos it's all about the audience were feeling in the triangle and pathos is a stop the audience's emotions or about their values so again think about soapstone in order to appeal to Pathos you have to have an understanding of your intended obviously I feel the process is very important because many people are driven by their emotions often and ways that they don't even realize so by moving the fast fill a certain can manipulate their thoughts or actions examples for this we have George Bush he's talking about his desire for a military intervention in Iraq and he says the return of tyranny to Iraq be an unprecedented terrorist Victory and across for killer Street Joyce would also embolden the terrorists leading more bombings more beheadings and more murders of the innocent around the world so this is a feelings of pathos to the audiences here right the thought that terrorists will be head in ball more people if we don't do something in Iraq is a huge motivator but also their values of protecting the innocent around the world feminist advertisement for Slim-Fast is also appealing to the audience's fear it says need to lose a little weight before your wedding tell that understands that one of the values of their intended audience who are brides-to-be most likely is that on their wedding do they want to look as beautiful as possible they view it as an incredibly big day in their life that is centered around in part their appearance and knowing that value Slim-Fast is trying to sell them a product also appealing to their sense of props shame in the way their body appears now it's not a very nice. If you remember our speech by on whiskey at says it if you mean Christmas cheer horse The Mention Of Christmas related to alcohol is going to at that point motivate the audience to think of fun memories and did alcohol with Pleasant times in community and joy and celebration in an innocent way  the last of the forms is a logos and it's all about the text logos means logic or evening so the structure of the text itself it seemed logical or the text Mike Lane give me logical or use logical forms of argument basically if you're appealing to logos for trying to convince your audience that what you're saying makes sense that it's and just as people are emotional people also are logical and if it seems like things connects logically even people are more apt to believe them the teachers that is when choosing whether or not to admit you reading is the best way to improve Embrace those scores there for you should read for my classroom for your chances of getting into a good college so it seems very logical colleges want this if you do this you will achieve those goals so you should achieve those goals and get into college  Thomas Paine's Common Sense the very title is in Ulta Locust because he's claiming that anyone should get that the situation with Great Britain is out of hand and we need to start a revolution find as many of you noted when we talked about ain't I a woman Sojourner Truth by using informal language and apparently appearing very humble and sometimes not as smart as we think she really was was also appealing to logos because if she gets it if her Persona gets it obviously everyone else should obviously it's very reasonable  now we're going to move on to rhetorical devices all rhetorical of devices will eventually appeal to the forms so the forms are like the umbrella top and then the rhetorical devices are small subsets beneath them the first is appeal to Authority and this is using a trusted Authority outside of the speaker to back you up so remember that ethos is about my stability as a speaker is other person who you trust to give you this information appeal to Authority can sometimes help with ethos because I'm saying I have all of these great sources that I'm using so that makes me credible but they're not the same thing ethos is Authority is about me bringing someone else in and the effect is that the audience trust the expert and therefore trust me  so great example of every single commercial on toothpaste this is a screenshot of a Colgate website and it's the number one recommended spy dentist toothpaste and dentists know about teeth so obviously we should buy Colgate also we're up Shield has a beautiful and healthy smile so she knows how to protect your teeth too so she is also an authority there by Martin Luther King jr. so first merely citing the Bible is an appeal to Authority because we are appealing to the word of God the word of great church leaders in the past but even before that Martin Beckham jr. has this great appeal to Authority by saying that this is a universal belief and all of these main worldwide held religions quite doing that if we think about who is trying to appeal to in terms of his audience he is speaking to a Christian audience right he chooses to quote the Bible what he's also trying to be all inclusive with his or as close to all-inclusive as possible with his reference to the other world religions illusion which I'm sure you're familiar with is another really important for charcoal device it's a brief for casual reference to a famous person historical event I work of art Illusions tend to be released subtle so if I were over at Lita say oh wow this is like the fall Troy during the Trojan War that's just a reference it's not an illusion but if some seniors came into our class during Spirit Week offering us cookies and I was like oh you guys go where the Trojan Horse and then it turned out that the cookies had like jalapenos and peppers and lemons burned our mouths then that would have been a more subtle allusion great example don't take cookies from Seniors during Spirit Week listing for your history myth and the Bible and the effect aside from giving Clues like my Trojan Horse example it is that it takes me emotional impact of his really powerful events right people remember the Trojan War so they feel something about it even more so with Biblical princess or like historical references from the Revolutionary War so it takes that emotional aspect and it puts it in your speech so someone else is done go to work for you if created the emotion in your life and it also creates an in-group if people thought the Trojan War thing that's going to make them feel special they'll feel like we get this thing some other bow down I'm so illusion also has the added benefit of sometimes it makes your audience smaller but that smaller audience feels are your connection to you and less is more likely to listen to what you have to say so examples he says and I can pleasure Nation to a goal that when we see a wounded traveler on the road to Jericho will not pass to the other side so by mentioning Jericho we think of the biblical story of the Good Samaritan and we have that memory and Association which brings the impact of Christian ethics and morals all of that to his speech okay on a more cynical side this poster is alluding to the Uncle Sam posters for the please write I want you for the US Army but this one says I want you and your oil so it's taking that illusion and then it's under cutting it it's reversing time to argue that the sort of patriotism that once existed it is now cynical and more about making money and less about human lives in this great ideal of freedom MN Round Table Pizza sample it says the last honest pizza so they're alluding to King Arthur's Court and his round table and Camelot to suggest to that the choice sweet Round Table Pizza is the noble choice  play the next one is rhetorical question or a Radamel we already talked about the what remember was rhetorical questions the answers already supplied so you're going to confirm or deny appoint strongly by asking it if it were question but that question makes your audience see this is obvious so it implies the answer it's not just without any answer nice because it's the listener supplies the answer on their own and they're like this is totally what I thought I came up with this all by myself I know that's the right answer stop even though it's the answers apply to them by the speaker so they feel as if they're reaching the conclusion but the speaker is nudging them in that way sometimes rhetoric questions also create emotional responses that should say an emotional response  so here is some examples from Allstate yes are you saving all you can they don't really want us to look through our account books and figure out if we're saving everywhere we could they know that the answer is no we want to say more we want more money so we say no and then the implied answer besides the no like it's even deeper than that is over with Allstate you could send the next one we have John Boehner and he says the top 1% paid 38% of the income of taxes in America you know more do you want them to pay and his question is suggesting that the disparity between them being only 1% of the population of 38% is already vast that how much more do you want them to pay this is ridiculous and we're supposed to think not more than that that's already too much open class I would never do this but if in class someone annoyed me and I was like why are you so stupid I wouldn't expect that they answer I wouldn't want them to think well in junior high I kind of stopped doing my homework I got with the wrong crowd I'm not expecting an answer like that I'm expecting in the mail response likely shame it's a bad rhetorical device because I don't want to motivate people with shame but it's still an example about the emotional response the next device is reticence reticence is false modesty and it's usually about speaking so if I were to start this video out I use reticence with my videos can I talked about how I'm completely awkward and videos that was lowering your expectations so you weren't going to expect my videos to be that good which was nice because then I G with the effect you underestimated my baking skills are obviously amazing and it made me more appealing like you're like oh miss rudders play Dorothy and awkward sometimes I'm awkward see you I feel just like her but not that awkward here are some of your medicine examples that aren't about me this guy with empty Pockets says I may not be an expert on the economy but I'm on the economy but I know that I'm struggling to pay for gas and milk  so it's reticent he's like I'm not an expert but I know this which is kind of an appeal to logos it's Common Sense we don't need an expert to tell us everyone should get it that's first making an escape and then from Julius Caesar Marc Anthony who is one of the best writer oceans of all time says I'm no order is brutus's but as you know me all a plain blunt man Fred neither wit words norworth action nor other ants nor the power of speech to stir men's blood I only speak right on and so he's like weirdest he's good at speaking that's why he convinced you I'm not good at speaking I'm just saying stuff but if I have convinced you that's just because the stuff pain is so true and I when I did a Google search for Mark Anthony sadistic parallel structure in parallelism same thing it's the similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words phrases or I'm basically it's repetition of grammatical structure so you're going to have this piece of grammar that you'll repeat several times different words but same structure what this often does is equate the parts of the sentence so I have the structure here in the structure they are so now they're brought together and I'm examining health when you do that that sometimes leads to a contrast it's also a really appealing organizing Force so the audience stop on parallel structure if it starts this Rhythm it's catchy and so it's going to add emphasis to the part you're saying it will often gather the audiences attention as well if you've lost them a little of that George Bush says we've seen the unfurling aflac's the lighting of candles the giving a what's the saying of prayers in English Hebrew and Arabic this was right after September 11th about 9 days after and so we have the parallel structure where it the verbene of nouns liver being of nouns and the repetition of that kind of puts all of those on the same level like are all the different offerings people have made to the American people as were trying to recover during this time and it also sounds really nice it's so balanced creates this feeling of balance in unity at a time when the nation really needed that and then and this ad for Bally Total fixed next it says everything you want everything you need everything Fally so we had everything two words and that was creating parallelism it actually then throws off the parallelism at the end with everything Valley but that's a rhetorical choice in and of itself because it's suggesting then that Sally is everything you want and everything you need both are combined in the simple Valley  and then we have JFK say let every nation know the whether it wishes us well or ill that we shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardship support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success Liberty so they're not only does the long list show all of the things that Americans are willing to do for Liberty but it's equating things different steps that were willing to take and combining them in a nice package with a parallel structure  antithesis is closely related to parallelism because uses it but answer this is all about contrast so it's the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas send means to put two things right next to each other so parallel structure often helps with that but it's not the only way contrast and because rhetoricians are always trying to persuade us the contrast is usually intended to make one option seems far better than the other hi for little children  one day live in a nation come to the back Erica alright so play creates an antithesis between the color of their skin which is this really superficial thing to judge people on and the contents of their character Which is far more important to which people on look at contents of characters being far more important than color of skin say if you don't stand for something you will fall for anything so there's a contrast between standing for something taking a stand doing what you think is right being of gullible person who has very little power and then when we have fun Neil Armstrong say that's one small step for man one giant leap for mankind so there's the contrast between the small step and for like right he's just taking a small step on the moon but it's really a giant Leaf in terms of where we've gone as a nation and scientific progress and explore okay and then we have paralipsis this literally means to leave to one side and it's a really great device because the speaker up something by saying that it shouldn't be brought up so it's like irony especially verbal irony writing why are need the speaker says the opposite of what he or she means but in this one the speaker pretends but it's not their intention to talk about it but then talks about it so there's this contrast this is it a fact so it distance is the speaker from the claims will still bringing them up so it's like the speaker says I'm not going to mention this because so much better than mentioning that they're not going to stoop to that level but then they're mentioning it so they get to look like they're taking the high road while at the same I'm often insult and an opponent's which is what the second bullet point under effect says often use for an ad hominem attack that means against the man that's the type of fallacy that will talk about later but it's about insulting your opponent rather than his or her ideas so Marc Anthony is back with a play it example this is when he brings out Caesars will and he says have patience gentle friends I must not read it it is not meet you know how Caesar loved you since good you know that you are his heirs so he's like I'm not going to read this you can't possibly know that he loves you so much to make you as Eris but he's telling them that so he gets the credit acting as if I'm saving you from this information that would make you feel really sad about supporting his stuff very briefly what he's telling them because he wants to incite violence some because he's pretty sadistic and then from house he has a really obvious example of parallel 20 says I don't want to anything bad about another doctor especially ones who one who's a useless drunk so he's pretending that he's not going to say anything bad and then because he's house he goes through stream there's also a really common use of paralipsis in contemporary internet culture right now which is the strikethrough so if someone typed on I wish my teachers would stop assigning so much homework because I want to play Call of Duty and Gorge myself on Cheetos I mean have important things to do by having the cross out they're pretending they're not saying it but really they are and not is the end of our rhetoric PowerPoint for this time now go up there go out there and use red

Uploaded by Melissa Rhoades-Rudder '01.

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Rhetoric Forms and Structure Video

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