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Toulmin Arguments

Added Feb 03, 2014 •

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The most loosely organized of the arguments!

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high class welcome to your toulmin argument model video this is the third of the three argument model I just spent about 10 minutes running what's Casper and he's still really hyper so we'll see how this goes the toulmin model was created by British philosopher Stephen toulmin most people hoarding determine don't use formal or classical logic when we're having discussions or defeats we don't carefully go through each step tends to be unstructured since few Messier it's much more organic so the toulmin model acknowledges that was that life isn't clear-cut so the arguments that we make aren't necessarily airtight like in the classical model but also arguments don't have to necessarily be as structured Central to Tillman's understanding of the argument is the the claim which is a debatable or controversial statements that you have to prove  and the claim can be demonstrated using watch it so in the same sort of spirit as the syllogisms with the classical model or using evidence according to arguments depend on the condition set by others the audience so in making your claims and supporting you have to be true super instance if this teacher said the sky is blue a little kindergartener might be like nerdy kid who understands science better than I too might say well actually that's an illusion caused by something according to PowerPoints all teachers are math pictures swimming would also point out that though arguments have a central claim or thesis they General feet generally feature claims throughout smaller claims when's if you look back at for instance the speech that we were at during the classical argument there different places that you can see claims that he then goes on to support so for example we can be using Lilo and Stitch and the claim is Stitch is apart of lilo's evidence in good reasons are sort of at the heart of the toulmin argument and they constitute the support for and to support the claim you're going to provide evidence and good reasons  woman says that people often will combine a reason what's your claim to form an enthymeme and it was fun over enthymemes before they are Central to Tillman's argument style what an enthymeme is informal syllogism in which one claim is implicit so remember we have that example of going to have a picnic but canceling it because it rained and the implicit claims are having Fitness picnics and rain is not fun and things like that and I think that combining your claim with good reason in terms of the papers were used too often forms topic sentences so we have our claim is a part of lilo's family and then the reason would be because they care about one another so we combine them both there and I can see this functioning as a fix something and then we'd spend the rest of the paragraph supporting that  but wait we skip this step  so the current is the trickiest part of the toulmin argument if we think about enzymes the warrant is that unstated premise and we know that an enthymeme in order for you to believe my conclusion you have to accept the unstated premise so it's the logical and persuasive connection between the claim and the reasons or data supporting it often unstated and though it can still sometimes be stated explicitly and then I have this crazy on me a good way to look at the warrants is as if it's the bridge connecting the reason to the plant so we have the reason on this side the claim and the claim is a fair conclusion because of that often unstated warrants in the middle here's an example  for the claim we had so stitches apart of lilo's family are play some that we gave them the previous Stitch and Lilo care about each other so stitches apart of lilo's family is that family members care about each other in order for you to accept that stitches a part of lilo's family based on that reason you have to also agree with my unstated assumption that family members care about each other but now I'm just going to go on do I warn s'matter the warrants matter because the audience have to agree with the warrant for the argument to be persuasive so this kind of one of those like quizzes if you have a warrant and the readers accept it then you can go on the presenting evidence however if you have a warrant with readers Donuts you first have to convince them of the warrant then you can present the evidence here's an example of a faulty warrant  Grayson College should be abolished and the reason is I don't like grades  the warrant they're the unspoken premise is that what I don't like get fallish that's a pretty dangerous warrant for us to accept so that person will probably lose their arguments they haven't convinced us and it would hard to convince anyway here's another example  so flat taxes are fairer than Progressive taxes flat taxes car in which all people regardless of their income are taxed that amounts that percentage Progressive taxes are when the percentage goes out for people with hiring so this person is arguing that flat foxes are fairer than Progressive taxes based on the reason not flat taxes heat treat all tax where's the same way now if I accept the warrants that treating people equally is the American way then I will accept that argument yeah  however pretty much half of America accept that argument and half of America accept the other Progressive taxes are fairer than what taxes based on the reasoning that people with more income can afford to pay more more from the government so or because people should be taxed according to their ability to pay those people except the value except the warrants that people should be taxed according to their ability to pay and then conclude that Progressive taxes are fair more fair than flat tops so clearly understanding warrants is Central because if I'm arguing about taxes I need to know whether my art audience is going to accept my unstated premise there  moving on to the next step if your audience is not to accept your unstated warrant then you need to supply back option would be not the best price for an argument the next is if you think that you can Vince others to believe it it is to offer evidence to support the warrant so if we go back to our Lilo & Stitch example which is Stitch is apart of lilo's family because care about each other and our warrant is family members care about each other we might offer this backing this evidence to support the warrant specifically the term Ohana means family and that no one gets left behind or forgotten according to Ohana families are shaped by deliberately forged emotional connection so there I'm supporting that family members care about each other once you've convinced your audience of your warrant or tutor but your audience is already accepted your warrant you get Spurs that evidence this is like the proof of the fossil argument so evidence is going to use Clear examples and concrete details substantiate your claim so while backing is evidence provided prove the warrant evidence is evidence provided to prove the plan it must be clearly warrants to the flame  so since our claim is that Lilo & Stitch our family because they care about each other we might offer evidence in this is vague evidence in your papers she's too much better than this like Lilo shows she cares about stitch by unwavering love even when switch fails to return it last day we have conditions of rebuttal unlike the classical argument that has its reputation with its Pacific space or even there are varying that has statement of opposition with its location in the argument the argument speakers going to acknowledge potential objections so any point in the argument the speaker can say well you might claim that here let me address it it also very importantly can lead to revise claims and reasons based on week warrants so if you think about what your phone it might say it may get you to shift your arguments  because it's not just about standing your ground it's about coming up with the best also lead to concessions or reputations that one point in the argument I might say even though they yell they fight okay so obviously I did that mostly for style I would need to better explain what stitches assess my warrants at family members care about each other another tell a minute women arguments are qualifiers particularly because it's based on deduction that starts from a general promise was something like all humans are mortal lyrics uncertain places so you should use qualifiers you should show that life is sometimes uncertain it also makes writing more precise and honest  if it's difficult balance though you don't want to use so many qualifiers that you saw absolutely weak and uncertain about everything you say however when it makes sense to qualify when what you're saying is often you're not always true you should clearly acknowledge that  system example qualifiers are some one might argue sometimes under these men's fur hats  here's an example your SAT scores are in the 98th percentile so it is likely you will get into a good college it is likely it's not for sure that you'll get into a good college because maybe you aren't even going to apply to another example is the federal government should ban smoking in public spaces because smoking causes serious diseases and smokers she likes a serious diseases of non-smokers but whatever that is in public spaces so it's limiting the flame they are Banning smoking everywhere Justin public spaces so that's a lesson obvious qualifier but it's still qualifying still placing limitations finished woman I want to review some of it important properties first it's beneficial because it most accurately reflects how people make arguments people don't make arguments with this structure possible unless they're writing and even then as soon as you might have noticed it's difficult  swimming can teachers important Concepts that claim should be clearly stated and qualify carefully so that they're as accurate as possible turn it reminds us that claim should be supported with evidence and good reasons  and then these last two I would like you to apply regardless of the type of Art you should remember that speakers In Their audience should be aware of the speaker's assumptions and how they agree with the audiences values to when you're reading you should think about what are they expecting me to also believe but not explicitly stating what do I need to accept in order to buy this argument and even more so when you're writing you should ask yourself that  and then effective argument anticipate so you should write your arguments with your opponent over your shoulder reading everything you write and muttering in your ear that you can address  and last woman can be used to analyze any type of argument so even if it's written in the classical we can look at it if the what the warrants are and if the warrant agree with the audiences values unless the fear he will be successful in that way so that's the end of Tolman is there a news rhetoric well

Uploaded by Melissa Rhoades-Rudder '01.

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